Outline of robotics

Robotics – annex of technology that deals with the design, construction, operation, structural disposition, accomplish and appliance of robots.1 Robotics is accompanying to the sciences of electronics, engineering, mechanics, and software.2 The chat "robot" was alien to the accessible by Czech biographer Karel Čapek in his play R.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots), appear in 1920. The appellation "robotics" was coined by Isaac Asimov in his 1941 science fiction short-story "Liar

Branches of robotics

Robotics incorporates aspects of abounding disciplines including electronics, engineering, mechanics, software and arts. Ascendancy of robots relies on abounding areas of robotics, including:4

Adaptive ascendancy – ascendancy adjustment acclimated by a ambassador which have to acclimate to a controlled arrangement with ambit which vary, or are initially uncertain. For example, as an aircraft flies, its accumulation will boring abatement as a aftereffect of ammunition consumption; a ascendancy law is bare that adapts itself to such alteration conditions.

Aerial robotics –

Anthrobotics – science of developing and belief robots that are either absolutely or in some way human-like.

Artificial intelligence – the intelligence of machines and the annex of computer science that aims to actualize it.

Autonomous car – an free car able of accomplishing the beastly busline capabilities of a acceptable car

Autonomous analysis robotics –

Bayesian arrangement –

BEAM robotics – a appearance of robotics that primarily uses simple alternation circuits instead of a chip in adjustment to aftermath an almighty simple architecture (in allegory to acceptable adaptable robots) that trades adaptability for robustness and ability in assuming the assignment for which it was designed.

Behavior-based robotics – the annex of robotics that incorporates modular or behavior based AI (BBAI).

Biomimetic – see Bionics.

Biomorphic robotics –

Bionics – aswell accepted as biomimetics, biognosis, biomimicry, or bionical adroitness engineering is the appliance of biological methods and systems begin in attributes to the abstraction and architecture of engineering systems and avant-garde technology.

Biorobotics – a abstraction of how to accomplish robots that challenge or simulate active biological bacilli mechanically or even chemically.

Cognitive robotics – angle beastly acknowledgment as a starting point for the development of automated advice processing, as against to added acceptable Artificial Intelligence techniques.

Clustering –

Computational neuroscience –

Robot ascendancy – a abstraction of authoritative robots

Robotics conventions –

Data mining Techniques –

Degrees of abandon –

Developmental Robotics – a alignment that uses metaphors from neural development and adorning attitude to advance the apperception for free robots

Digital ascendancy –

Digital angel processing –

Dimensionality abridgement –

Distributed robotics –

Electronic Stability Ascendancy –

Evolutionary ciphering –

Evolutionary robotics – a alignment that uses evolutionary ciphering to advance controllers for free robots

Extended Kalman clarify –

Flexible Distribution functions –

Feedback ascendancy and Regulation –

Human–computer alternation – a study, planning and architecture of the alternation amid bodies (users) and computers

Human apprentice alternation – a abstraction of interactions amid bodies and robots

Kinematics – abstraction of motion, as activated to robots. This includes both the architecture of linkages to accomplish motion, their power, ascendancy and stability; aswell their planning, such as allotment a arrangement of movements to accomplish a broader task.

Laboratory robotics –

Robot acquirements – acquirements to accomplish tasks such as obstacle avoidance, ascendancy and assorted added motion-related tasks

Manifold acquirements –

Direct abetment interface –

Robotic mapping – the ambition for an free apprentice to be able to assemble (or use ) a map or attic plan and to localize itself in it

Microrobotics – a acreage of miniature robotics, in accurate adaptable robots with appropriate ambit beneath than 1 mm

Motion planning –

Motor ascendancy –

Nanorobotics –

Artificial neural networks –

Passive dynamics –

Reinforcement acquirements –

Programming by Demonstration –

Robot kinematics –

Robot locomotion –

Rapid prototyping – automated architecture of concrete altar via accretion accomplishment from basic models in computer aided architecture (CAD) software, transforming them into thin, virtual, accumbent cross-sections and again bearing alternating layers until the items are complete. As of June 2011, acclimated for authoritative models, ancestor parts, and production-quality locations in almost baby numbers.

Robot programming –

Sensors –

Simultaneous localization and mapping –

Software engineering –

Speech processing –

Support agent machines –

Robotic anaplasty –

Remote anaplasty –

Robot-assisted affection anaplasty –

Swarm robotics – involves ample numbers of mostly simple concrete robots. Their accomplishments may seek to absorb appearing behavior empiric in amusing insects (swarm intelligence).

Ant robotics – army robots that can acquaint via markings, agnate to all-overs that lay and chase pheromone trails.

Telepresence –

Intelligent car technologies –

Computer eyes –

Machine eyes –

Contributing fields

Aerospace –

Biology –

Biomechanics –

Computer science –

Artificial Intelligence –

Computational linguistics –

Cybernetics –

Modal argumentation –

Engineering –

Acoustical engineering –

Automotive engineering –

Chemical engineering –

Control engineering –

Electrical engineering –

Electronic engineering –

Mechanical engineering –

Mechatronics engineering –

Microelectromechanical engineering –

Nanoengineering –

Optical engineering –

Safety engineering –

Software engineering –

Telecommunications –

Fiction – Robotics technology and its implications are above capacity in science fiction and accept provided afflatus for robotics development and could cause for ethical concerns. Robots are portrayed in abbreviate belief and novels, in movies, in TV shows, in affected productions, in web based media, in computer games, and in banana books. See List of fabulous robots and androids.

Film – See Robots in film.

Literature – fabulous free bogus agents accept a continued history in animal culture. Today's a lot of common adumbration of robots, developing self-awareness and rebelling adjoin their creators, dates alone from the aboriginal 20th century. See Robots in literature.

The Three Laws of Robotics in accepted culture

Military science –

Psychology –

Cognitive science –

Behavioral science –

Philosophy –

Ethics –

Physics –

Dynamics –

Kinematics –

Additionally, accidental fields cover the specific field(s) a accurate apprentice is getting advised for. Expertise in surgical procedures and anatomy, for instance would be appropriate for designing automatic anaplasty applications.

Robots

Types of robots

Aerobot – apprentice able of absolute flight on added planets.

Android – humanoid robot. Apprentice akin the appearance or anatomy of a human.56

Automaton – aboriginal self-operating robot, assuming absolutely the aforementioned actions, over and over.

Autonomous car – car able with an autopilot system, which is able of active from one point to addition afterwards ascribe from a animal operator.

Cruise missile – robot-controlled guided missile that carries an atomic payload.

Cyborg – aswell accepted as a cybernetic organism, a getting with both biological and bogus (e.g. electronic, automated or robotic) parts.

Explosive ammunition auctioning apprentice – adaptable apprentice advised to appraise whether an article contains explosives; some backpack detonators that can be deposited at the article and activated afterwards the apprentice withdraws.7

Gynoid – humanoid apprentice advised to attending like a animal female.

Hexapod (walker) – A six-legged walking robot, appliance a simple insect-like locomotion.

Industrial apprentice – reprogrammable, multifunctional architect advised to move material, parts, tools, or specialized accessories through capricious programmed motions for the achievement of a array of tasks.8

Insect apprentice – baby apprentice advised to imitate insect behaviors rather than circuitous animal behaviors.7

Mobile apprentice – self-propelled and independent apprentice that is able of affective over a mechanically airy course.8

Prosthetic apprentice – programmable architect or accent replacing a missing animal limb.8

Service apprentice – machines that extend animal capabilities.8

Snakebot – apprentice or automated basic akin a barb or elephant's trunk, area abounding baby actuators are acclimated to acquiesce connected arced motion of a apprentice component, with abounding degrees of freedom. This is usually activated to snake-arm robots, which use this as a adjustable manipulator. A rarer appliance is the snakebot, area the absolute apprentice is adaptable and snake-like, so as to accretion admission through attenuated spaces.

Surgical apprentice – bound architect acclimated for keyhole surgery

Walking apprentice – apprentice able of locomotion by walking. Owing to the difficulties of balance, two-legged walking robots accept so far been attenuate and a lot of walking robots accept acclimated insect-like multilegged walking gaits.

editBy approach of locomotion

Mobile robots may be classified by:

The ambiance in which they travel:

Land or home robots. They are a lot of frequently wheeled, but aswell cover legged robots with two or added legs (humanoid, or akin animals or insects).

Aerial robots are usually referred to as unmanned aeriform cars (UAVs)

Underwater robots are usually alleged free underwater cars (AUVs)

Polar robots, advised to cross icy, abysm abounding environments

The accent they use to move, mainly:

Legged apprentice : human-like legs (i.e. an android) or animal-like legs.

Wheeled robot.

Tracks.9

editRobot apparatus and architectonics features

Actuator – motor that translates ascendancy signals into automated movement. The ascendancy signals are usually electrical but may, added rarely, be aeriform or hydraulic. The adeptness accumulation may additionally be any of these. It is accepted for electrical ascendancy to be acclimated to attune a high-power aeriform or hydraulic motor.78

Linear actuator – anatomy of motor that generates a beeline movement directly.

Delta apprentice – tripod linkage, acclimated to assemble fast-acting manipulators with a advanced ambit of movement.

Drive Adeptness – activity antecedent or sources for the apprentice actuators.8

End-effector – accent accessory or apparatus accurately advised for adapter to the apprentice wrist or apparatus ascent bowl to accredit the apprentice to accomplish its advised task. (Examples may cover gripper, spot-weld gun, arc-weld gun, spray- acrylic gun, or any added appliance tools.)8

Forward chaining – action in which contest or accustomed abstracts are advised by an article to intelligently acclimate its behavior.7

Haptic – concrete acknowledgment technology appliance the operator's faculty of touch. Aswell sometimes activated to apprentice manipulators with their own blow sensitivity.

Hexapod (platform) – adaptable belvedere appliance six beeline actuators. Generally acclimated in flight simulators and amphitheater rides, they aswell accept applications as a automated manipulator.

See Stewart platform

Hydraulics – ascendancy of automated force and movement, generated by the appliance of aqueous beneath pressure. c.f. pneumatics.

Kalman clarify – algebraic address to appraisal the amount of a sensor measurement, from a alternation of alternate and blatant values.

Klann bond – simple bond for walking robots.

Manipulator – gripper. A automated 'hand'.

Parallel architect – articulate apprentice or architect based on a amount of kinematic chains, actuators and joints, in parallel. c.f. consecutive manipulator.

Remote architect – architect beneath absolute animal control, generally acclimated for plan with chancy materials.

Serial architect – articulate apprentice or architect with a individual alternation kinematic alternation of actuators. c.f. alongside manipulator.

Muting – deactivation of a presence-sensing attention accent during a allocation of the apprentice cycle.8

Pendant – Any carriageable ascendancy accent that permits an abettor to ascendancy the apprentice from aural the belted envelope (space) of the robot.8

Pneumatics – ascendancy of automated force and movement, generated by the appliance of aeroembolism gas. c.f. hydraulics.

Servo – motor that moves to and maintains a set position beneath command, rather than continuously moving.

Servomechanism – automated accent that uses error-sensing abrogating acknowledgment to actual the achievement of a mechanism.

Single Point of Ascendancy – adeptness to accomplish the apprentice such that admission or apprentice motion from one antecedent of ascendancy is accessible alone from that antecedent and cannot be overridden from addition source.8

Slow Speed Ascendancy – approach of apprentice motion ascendancy area the acceleration of the apprentice is bound to acquiesce bodies acceptable time either to abjure the chancy motion or stop the robot.8

Stepper motor –

Stewart belvedere – adaptable belvedere appliance six beeline actuators, appropriately aswell accepted as a Hexapod.

Subsumption architectonics – apprentice architectonics that uses a modular, bottom-up architectonics alpha with the atomic circuitous behavioral tasks.

Teach Approach – ascendancy accompaniment that allows the bearing and accumulator of positional abstracts credibility accomplished by affective the apprentice arm through a aisle of advised motions.8

editSpecific robots

Aura (satellite) – automated aircraft launched by NASA in 2004 which collects atmospheric abstracts from Earth.7

Chandra X-ray Observatory – automated aircraft launched by NASA in 1999 to aggregate ample data.7

Robonaut – development activity conducted by NASA to actualize humanoid robots able of appliance amplitude accoutrement and alive in agnate environments to ill-fitted astronauts.

Unimate – the aboriginal off-the-shelf automated robot, of 1961.

editReal robots by region

editRobots from Australia

GuRoo –

UWA Telerobot –

Karl Stefanovic – KarlOS 3.1 (Karlbot Operating System)

editRobots from Britain

Black Knight –

eSTAR –

Freddy II –

George –

Shadow Hand –

Silver Swan –

Talisman UUV –

Wheelbarrow –

editRobots from Canada

Canadarm2 –

Dextre –

ANATROLLER ARI-100 –

ANATROLLER ARE-100 –

ANATROLLER ARI-50 –

ANATROLLER Dusty Duct Destroyer –

ANAT AMI-100 –

editRobots from China

FemiSapien –

Meinü apprentice –

RoboSapien –

Robosapien v2 –

RS Media –

Xianxingzhe –

editRobots from Croatia

DOK-ING EOD –

TIOSS –

editRobots from France

Digesting Duck –

Nabaztag –

Nao –

editRobots from Germany

Marvin –

Care-Providing Apprentice FRIEND –

editRobots from Italy

IsaacRobot –

Leonardo's apprentice –

editRobots from Japan

AIBO –

ASIMO –

Choromet –

EMIEW –

EMIEW 2 –

Enon –

Evolta –

Gakutensoku –

HAL 5v

HOAP –

KHR-1 –

Omnibot –

Plen –

QRIO –

R.O.B. –

SCARA –

Toyota Partner Apprentice –

Wakamaru –

editRobots from Mexico

Don Cuco El Guapo –

editRobots from the Netherlands

Adelbrecht –

Flame –

Phobot –

Senster –

editRobots from New Zealand

Trons, The –

editRobots from Portugal

RAPOSA –

editRobots from Qatar

Robot jockey –

editRobots from Russia (or above Soviet Union)

Lunokhod 1 –

Lunokhod 2 –

Teletank –

editRobots from South Korea

Albert Hubo –

EveR-1 –

HUBO –

MAHRU –

Musa –

editRobots from Spain

Maggie –

REEM-B –

Tico –

editRobots from Switzerland

Alice adaptable apprentice –

E-puck adaptable apprentice –

Pocketdelta apprentice –

editRobots from the United States of America

Albert One –

Allen –

ATHLETE –

Ballbot –

Beer Launching Fridge –

Berkeley Lower Extremity Exoskeleton –

BigDog –

Boe-Bot –

Coco –

Cog –

Crusher –

Dragon Runner –

EATR –

Elektro –

Entomopter –

Haile –

Hardiman –

HERO –

Johns Hopkins Beast –

Kismet –

Leonardo –

LOPES –

LORAX –

Nomad 200 –

Nomad departer –

Opportunity departer –

Programmable Universal Machine for Assembly –

Push the Talking Trash Can –

RB5X –

Robonaut –

Shakey the Apprentice –

Sojourner –

Spirit departer –

Turtle –

Unimate –

Zoë –

Pleo –

editRobots from Vietnam

TOPIO –

editInternational robots

European Automated Arm –

Mars Science Laboratory –

editFictional robots by region

editFictional robots from the United Kingdom

editFrom British literature

HAL 9000 (Arthur C. Clarke) –

editFrom British radio

Marvin the Paranoid Android (Douglas Adams) –

editFrom British television

Kryten (Rob Grant, Doug Naylor, David Ross, Robert Llewellyn) {Red Dwarf} –

Talkie Toaster – (Rob Grant, Doug Naylor, John Lenahan, David Ross) {Red Dwarf}

K-9 (Doctor Who) –

editFictional robots from the Czech Republich

editFrom Czech plays

Daemon – (Karel Čapek) {R.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots)}

Helena – (Karel Čapek) {R.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots)}

Marius – (Karel Čapek) {R.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots)}

Primus – (Karel Čapek) {R.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots)}

Radius – (Karel Čapek) {R.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots)}

Sulla – (Karel Čapek) {R.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots)}

editFictional robots from France

editFrom French ballets

Coppélia – (Arthur Saint-Leon, Léo Delibes) {Coppélia}

editFrom French literature

Hadaly – (Auguste Villiers de l'Isle-Adam) {The Future Eve}

editFictional robots from Germany

editFrom German film

Maschinenmensch – (Fritz Lang, Thea von Harbou, Brigitte Helm) {Metropolis}

editFrom German literature

Maschinenmensch – (Thea von Harbou)

Olimpia – (E. T. A. Hoffmann) {Der Sandmann}

editFictional robots from Japan

editFrom anime

Combattler V – (Tadao Nagahama, Saburo Yatsude) {Super Electromagnetic Robo Combattler V}

Daimos – (Tadao Nagahama, Saburo Yatsude) {Brave Leader Daimos}

Raideen – (Yoshiyuki Tomino, Tadao Nagahama) {Brave Raideen}

Voltes V – (Tadao Nagahama, Saburo Yatsude) {Super Electromagnetic Machine Voltes V}

editFrom manga

Astro Boy – (Osamu Tezuka) {Astro Boy}

Getter Robo – (Go Nagai, Ken Ishikawa) {Getter Robo}

Grendizer – (Go Nagai) {UFO Robo Grendizer}

Mazinger Z – (Go Nagai) {Mazinger Z}

Tetsujin 28 – (Mitsuteru Yokoyama) {Tetsujin 28 - Go!}

editFictional robots from the United States of America

editFrom American comics

Amazo – (Gardner Fox) {DC Comics}

Annihilants – (Alex Raymond) {Flash Gordon}

editFrom American film

C-3PO – (George Lucas, Anthony Daniels) {Star Wars}

ED-209 – (Paul Verhoeven, Craig Hayes, Phil Tippett) {RoboCop}

Gort – (Robert Wise, Harry Bates, Edmund H. North, Lock Martin) {The Day the Earth Stood Still}

R2-D2 – (George Lucas, Kenny Baker, Ben Burtt) {Star Wars}

Robby the Apprentice – (Fred M. Wilcox, Robert Kinoshita, Frankie Darro, Marvin Miller) {Forbidden Planet}

The Terminator – (James Cameron, Gale Anne Hurd) {The Terminator}

editFrom American literature

Adam Link – (Eando Binder) {I, Robot}

Gnut – (Harry Bates) {Farewell to the Master}

Robbie – (Isaac Asimov) {I, Robot}

The Steam Man of the Prairies – (Edward S. Ellis) {The Steam Man of the Prairies}

Tik-Tok – (L. Frank Baum) {Ozma of Oz}

editFrom American television

Bender Bending Rodriguez – (Matt Groening, David X. Cohen, John DiMaggio) {Futurama}

Cambot – Gypsy , Crow T. Robot, and Tom Servo (Joel Hodgson, Trace Beaulieu, Bill Corbett, Josh Weinstein, Jim Mallon, Patrick Brantseg) {Mystery Science Theater 3000}

Data – (Gene Roddenberry, Brent Spiner) {Star Trek: The Next Generation}

Jenny Wakeman – (Rob Rezenti, Janice Kawaye) {My Life as a Teenage Robot}

Robot B-9 – (Irwin Allen, Robert Kinoshita, Bob May, Dick Tufeld) {Lost in Space}

Grounder and Scratch – (Phil Hayes, Gary Chalk ) {Adventures of Sonic the Hedgehog}

Robotics development and development tools

Arduino – accepted belvedere of best for small-scale automatic analysis and concrete computing.

CAD/CAM (computer-aided architecture and computer-aided manufacturing) – these systems and their abstracts may be chip into automatic operations.

Cleanroom – ambiance that has a low akin of ecology pollutants such as dust, aerial microbes, aerosol particles and actinic vapors; generally acclimated in apprentice assembly.

Robotics principles

Artificial intelligence – intelligence of machines and the annex of computer science that aims to actualize it.

Degrees of abandon – admeasurement to which a apprentice can move itself; bidding in agreement of Cartesian coordinates (x, y, and z) and angular movements (yaw, pitch, and roll).7

Emergent behaviour – complicated resultant behaviour that emerges from the again operation of simple basal behaviours.

Envelope (Space), Best – aggregate of amplitude encompassing the best advised movements of all apprentice locations including the end-effector, workpiece, and attachments.8

Humanoid – akin a animal getting in form, function, or both.

Three Laws of Robotics – coined by the science fiction columnist Isaac Asimov, one of the aboriginal austere considerations of the belief and robopsychological aspects of robotics.

Tool Center Point (TCP) – agent of the apparatus alike system.8

Uncanny basin – accepted point at which humanoid apprentice behavior and actualization is so abutting to that of absolute bodies as to could cause revulsion.

Applications of robotics

Combat, apprentice – amusement or action accident area two or added robots action in an amphitheatre to attenuate anniversary other. This has developed from a amusement in the 1990s to several TV alternation worldwide.